![]() Online features require an account and are subject to terms of service and applicable privacy policy (/terms-of-service & /privacy-policy).Ģ018 Spacelords is a registered trademark of Mercury Steam Entertainment s. Software subject to license (us./softwarelicense). Online features require an account and are subject to terms of service and applicable privacy policy (/terms-of-service & /privacy-policy). Dread and MercurySteams own Spacelords were developed simultaneously). Through its 4 vs 1 campaign, you experience both sides of the story: Join the Raiders in their fight to free the legendary Broken Planet, or switch sides and fight as the Antagonist alongside the invading hordes Spacelords is completely free to play. Content Rating Violence, Partial Nudity, Strong Language Developers MercurySteam Features Online Versus Multiplayer, Asynchronous Multiplayer. Spacelords is a brand-new take on the shooter genre. 4 configuration parameters for each weapon. Great gameplay, story was pretty good, beautiful visuals. Spacelords is a brand-new take on the shooter genre.as he does with characters such as D'joan and Helen America. ![]() Live a cinematic experience: over 80 incredible cinematic scenes will submerge you into the Spacelords universe. Smith also articulates this in his dedication to Space Lords, an anthology of his work.Mod your weapons and chose among hundreds of Cards to customize your character and create the ultimate Spacelords.Experience both sides of the story: join the Raiders in their fight to free the Broken Planet, or switch sides and foil their missions as the Antagonist. Though not necessary to this book, it does give a lot of the characters' back-stories. You will be able to fully progress through the entire game. Space Lords Book 2: A Qurilixen World Novel Michelle M. Spacelords is completely free to play.Through its 4 vs 1 campaign, you experience both sides of the story: Join the Raiders in their fight to free the legendary Broken Planet, or switch sides and fight as the Antagonist alongside the invading hordes! For instance, one mission involves hunting down and eradicating enemies. Players will be able to fight alone or in a team of 16 in order to complete different challenging missions. Spacelords is a brand-new take on the shooter genre. Spacelords is a shooting game that is full of action and excitement. Embark on an epic sci-fi, free-to-play adventure.
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If you got the download process started, and then it suddenly interrupts with the “gateway timed out” or something like the “bad gateway” alert, you should try to restart your Mac in Safe Mode. If you have a few network spots available, WiFi Explorer will tell you which one is best to connect to. Just open the app and click on your network connection to check signal strength and noise level. To find out if it’s the case, you need WiFi Explorer. If your Wi-Fi is poor, installation errors could occur. ![]() Network connection is crucial when installing software updates. Here’s a full list of Macs compatible with macOS 12: MacOS Monterey leaves a few older Mac models behind, so the chances are it simply won’t work on your Mac. A few possible solutions: Check device compatibility When trying to download Monterey from Software Update, you could see an error that reads “Installation could not continue” or something like that. Download macOS Monterey from the App Store.Īnd what if the update itself is available, but you can’t download it?.It should fix the problem in case there was some kind of network error. Press Command + R to refresh the Software Update dialog.If you open Software Update and don’t see macOS Monterey, there are three things to try: To get the new macOS on your Mac, you should go to the Apple menu and download it from About This Mac > Software Update. macOS Monterey update is stuck or frozen.macOS Monterey not showing as available.The official macOS Monterey release took place on Octo- so since that date, every Mac user is entitled to the update. The first issue you might stumble upon is not being able to update your macOS. ![]() How to fix macOS Monterey installation problems One collection of apps to tackle Monterey issues.Issues with certain apps on macOS Monterey.Plus the collective wisdom of MacRumors, Apple forum, and Google itself - we’ve looked for reports related to the early issues literally everywhere. Now, let’s dive into all macOS Monterey issues I personally experienced after upgrading. If not and you’re here to learn about the potential issues - great for you! Here’s a detailed guide on how to install macOS Monterey. If you’ve landed here, we assume you’ve already installed Monterey. How to solve common macOS Monterey issues We explain how to solve macOS Monterey downloading/installing/not booting problems, as well as how to deal with Mac misbehavior after the upgrade. ![]() Starting October 25, 2021, you can either prove us wrong or join our team of Monterey admirers by installing the new macOS on your Mac, too.Įven though we love what Monterey has to offer, there are a few issues. Get a pack of apps to fix every macOS issue.Īpple’s macOS 12 Monterey is finally here, and our team mutually agreed on its awesomeness. Hawaii Islanders like 100.3 KAPA and 94.7 KWXX. The Woody Show Weekday Mornings On 93. Why March 21st Matters in Rock History Mar 21, 2023. ![]() Kauai favorites are 98.9 KITH and 93.5 KQNG. Las Vegas Rocks with 93.1 The Mountain The Woody Show. For Hawaiian and reggae stations, Oahu visitors can listen to 98.5 KDNN, 105.1 KINE, 100.3 KCCN and 93.1 Da Paina. ![]() Plus, local radio DJs share island humor and news of upcoming events. Nothing evokes Hawaii’s laid-back lifestyle like the islands’s music. The website Wehewehe translates Hawaiian words into English and vice versa. Nobody Plays More NEW Country Listen To 93. The better that visitors pronounce Hawaiian words, the more they will fit into the island landscape. Listen To 93.1 The Wolf Here And Get All Your Favorite Radio Stations And Podcasts On The Go With The Audacy App. For instance, “mauka” means toward the mountains, and “Makai” means toward the sea. Even directions draw from the Hawaiian language. Learn the Correct Pronunciation of Hawaiian Wordsįrom street signs and maps to restaurant menus, Hawaiian words are everywhere. Or, in true island style, carry out a plate lunch from a food truck and have a picnic at a beach or park. Background and Objectives: Since the first cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in April 2020, the diagnostic challenge has been to recognize this syndrome and to differentiate it from other clinically similar pathologies such as Kawasaki disease (KD) and toxic shock syndrome (TSS). ![]() Instead of settling for familiar chain restaurants, head to local haunts such as Side Street Inn on Oahu Sam Sato’s on Maui Hamura Saimin on Kauai and Tex Drive In on Hawaii Island. Residents relish foods that channel the state’s many cultures. MIX 93.1 The Pioneer Valleys Hit Music Follow Connect On Air Schedule Chris Davis Live Maddox 12:00 AM-5:00 AM Contests and Promotions Alexa, Play MIX 93-1 On iHeartRadio Watch Our iHeartRadio Music Awards On March 27 At 8/7c On Fox Listen NOW On iHeartRadio MIX 93.1 Podcasts Playlists from MIX 93. We’re typically among Portland’s highest rated commercial stations for Adults and Women 25-54 (© The Nielsen Company Multi-Book Average Fall 2021 to Fall 2022, Total Week AQH and Cume).Hawaii is called a melting pot for good reason. And because Coast 93.1 has broad appeal across the entire demographic spectrum, many advertisers utilize the station as a “tentpole” of their audio ad strategy. Real 93. Like all Portland Radio Group Stations, Coast 93.1 features local personality influencers who “know” Southern Maine because they’re “from” Southern Maine. Alysssa Lawhorne commands the at-work shift between 10:00AM and 3:00PM with a lunchtime break for the 90’s hottest hits in our “90’s Nooner,” while DJ Rice cranks up the energy for afternoon drive. Coast music features today’s biggest hits but with a decidedly adult lean towards active, Working Women between the ages of 25 and 49. The Blake Show with Kelly and Todd launches each morning with celebrity gossip, fun contests, topical content, and humor culled from everyday life. In commemoration, an event was held at the Washington State Fair Events Center. ![]() It ordered the forced removal and incarceration of over 120,000 people of Japanese descent from throughout the west coast. Listen to the Superstar Power Hour with Carly Pearce All this week from 2PM to 3PM with Katie Neal. 91.3KBCS 20230221 Voices From Remember And Resist 2023 Februwas the 81st anniversary of Executive order 9066. Break out the mayo, it's time to clean your jewelry Five Things You Need To Know for Monday, March 20, 2023. Streaming: On mobile devices and Smart Speakers via the TuneIn Audio App What is Coast 93.1?Ĭoast 93.1 (WMGX-FM) is home to one of Southern Maine’s most listened-to radio programs. Wake Up With The Wolf Show Rewind: March 30th, 2023. Branding: Coast 93.1, Portland’s Adult Hit Music Station ![]() ![]() For GSON, they introduce a TypeToken class to deal with the fact. The goal is to make it possible for methods, classes, and interfaces to accept type (such as integer, string, etc. Generic types are those that have parameters. Due to erasure, there will only be one method that has an ArrayList as a parameter (you can't overload on the generics) so you can just use ArrayList.class and get the right method. Ultimate Guide - Java Lecture about How and When to use Generics. Only the methods of this class can be used by the class name itself. It is a final class, which means it can’t be instantiated or changed. This class provides static methods to create and access Java arrays dynamically. Reflection provides methods for accessing array types and array component types, creating new arrays, and retrieving and setting array component values. Class literals aren't parameterized in that way, but luckily you don't need it at all. The Array class in package is a part of the Java Reflection. The length of an array is not part of its type arrays have a length field which is accessible via The only methods on arrays are those inherited from Internally, it invokes the pyOf on the underlying array backing the collection. Class.getDeclaredField (String fieldName) or Class. ![]() Multi-dimensional arrays are really just arrays which contain components of array type.Īrrays are implemented in the Java virtual machine. Collection.toArray () The toArray () method allocates a new in-memory array with a length equal to the size of the collection. If we want to access Private Field and method using Reflection we just need to call setAccessible (true) on the field or method object which you want to access. Each component may be a primitive type (such as byte, int, or double), a reference type (such as Creating an instance of an array requires knowledge of the length and component type. ![]() Using these Reflection API we would be able to get invoking pointer for a method in a class with its name. A code snippet which demonstrates this is as follows − if (c.An array is an object of reference type which contains a fixed number of components of the same type the length of an array is immutable. Java Reflection API provides us information about a Class to which the Object belongs to including the methods in this class. The length of the array is obtained using the Array.getLength() method. Reflections lets you use code to look at code. Then the array type is obtained using getComponentType() method. The word reflection suggests a mirror, allowing us to look at something. The array length can be obtained in int form using the method .getLength().Ī program that demonstrates this is given as follows − Example Return: Return 'true': If this list contained the specified object. Syntax: public boolean remove (Object object) Parameter: 'object' :It is the ArrayList element that will be removed if exist. A parameter in an Executable is represented by an object of the Parameter class The getParameters () method in the Executable class gets all parameters as an array of Parameter. While developing software, it's quite common to use both of these data structures. Mostly, a collection is backed by an array and modeled with a set of methods to process the elements it contains. Method and Constructor inherit from a common abstract superclass Executable. The Java programming language provides arrays and collections to group objects together. This method returns the class that represents the component type of the array. Java ArrayList remove () method The remove () method of Java ArrayList class removes the first matching object in the ArrayList. An instance of the class represents a constructor. The array type can be checked using the () method. ![]() In that respect are iv tools that function only while the program is running: CP2U manager, Software set up booster, proactive thumbnail author, and Start carte accelerator. Dissimilar CCleaner, Powersuite 2022 has a registry defragger, letting you eliminate any wasted space in the register created by removing entries (which also happens with modal uninstall operations). ![]() Powersuite 2022's register checker found many clean entries that the free CCleaner did non, but missed about 50 that CCleaner found. The program also looks for processes much as umrdpservice (remote background printing) that are normally inactive and can be disabled. Just about everything you'll run into when researching Windows performance tweaks connected the Web, has been included. Powersuite 2022's tweaks covers settings, unnecessary work reduction, visual and set up optimisation, and registry tuning. Powersuite 2022's interface is handsome and logically laid out. We do know the original Swedish owners sold the company in early 2012, long before the court settlement.It's controversial as to whether any optimizing program will save you much time than you spend victimisation IT, especially when it sits in the background "optimizing." That's true even when the merchandise is As nicely put put together as Uniblue's Powersuite 2022, which takes the functionality of the accompany's SpeedUpMyPC system optimizer and tweaker and builds on it with both a disk optimizer and number one wood updater. You can only assume that the court action caught up with it eventually. It’s amazing that Uniblue managed to continue in business until 2018 as a result of this court ruling. Problem is, individuals who wanted to claim their $12.50 had to put in a request by January 2013 and it’s never been clear how many individuals were paid compensation or what happened since. Uniblue was ordered to pay the defendants attorneys’ fees and costs (approved by the Court in an amount not to exceed $1,200,000). Mary Webb won the case in 2012 and the court ruling stated that " anyone who purchased anything from Uniblue in the last four years may be entitled to collect $12.50 for any combination of deceptive practices (such as empty claims about what a software can do) or problems with auto-renewal".Īs Uniblue had hundreds of thousands of users and that RegistryBooster had a relatively low RRP, $12.50 per user was a significant amount of revenue. It all came to a head in September 2011 when a plaintiff called Mary Webb (and plenty of her supporters) took Uniblue to court in the States citing that RegistryBooster did not function as advertised. ![]() Indeed, someone proved you could install a fresh copy of Windows, with no third-party software, install RegistryBooster and it would still claim your system had errors. An individual cottoned on to the fact that this was bogus software as a brand new out-of-the-box PC would be deemed to have "errors that need fixing" even after the first boot. Indeed, someone who bought RegistryBooster fixed the errors, re-ran the software, to find it reported they had errors again. Users started to realize that they were being warned that their system always had errors. ![]() That’s before it all went horribly wrong. The owners spent less time talking about their software and seemed to keen to boast how much they spent on advertising on this well-known US technology website we mentioned above. I had the "pleasure" of visiting Uniblue in January 2011 at its office in Malta and met with one of their Swedish owners in their rather plush Scandinavian-influenced office. They also bought specific adverts that sat right next to a download button stating "STOP! Your system has errors!" or "FREE SCAN!" or similar warnings that encouraged a user to download RegistryBooster from a conveniently placed advert, so the individual thought it was the technology website warning them that their system was faulty - clever marketing from Uniblue. Without pointing the finger ourselves, Uniblue teamed up with a massive US-based downloads website in 2009 and ran various offers and promotions to encourage their users to download RegistryBooster. It was RegistryBooster that was the problem. Most of the other tools were legitimate software, used by thousands of people without too many issues. Uniblue produced other software such as DriverScanner, PowerSuite and SpeedUpMyPC which was a general system toolkit. To resolve the issues, you had to purchase RegistryBooster. Supplied as a free tool, RegisterBooster would bully or scare the user into thinking their system had some serious issues that needed resolving. Uniblue was well-known for system maintenance tools such as RegistryBooster which would scan your system, check for unnecessary entries in your Registry and claim there were issues that needed fixing. I was so firmly convinced that it would be the Oroblanco because of the taste and excellent shelf life - two of the qualities that made Kiwifruit easy to promote. I remember “sticking my neck out” when people kept asking me what the next kiwifruit would be. Just last month, Russ and my mother, Frieda, were emailing back and forth about the virtues of Oroblancos:įrieda: Russ, one of the first times we ever met - at a Rare Fruit gathering - you and I both agreed that one of the best citrus we had ever come across was the Oroblanco. ( here, here and here.) Every once in a while I run into Russ at the local mall or at a dinner at a mutual friends’ house. Russ Parsons, the food editor at the Los Angeles Times, has written several articles about Oroblancos over the years. The amazing thing about the Oroblanco is there is no bitterness! Yes, you read that correctly: a grapefruit that is not bitter! It’s actually a hybrid between a white grapefruit and a pummelo (the giant Chinese citrus fruit). Oroblanco (translation: white gold) is a cross developed at the University of California-Riverside in 1958. This variety is so delicious and low-acid, I have to tell you about it. And since winter is citrus season in the U.S., I’ve started eating grapefruits again, particularly a special grapefruit hybrid called the Oroblanco. ![]() ![]() However, some sources say that the grapefruit drug interaction is limited and a bit overblown by the media, causing grapefruit farmers a lot of trouble. Since the main consumers of grapefruit and grapefruit juice have traditionally been those who take medicines (and are over 50 years of age), it’s no surprise that consumption of grapefruit has declined. I realize that grapefruit has gotten a lot of bad press in the past few years, mostly because they have been linked to potential medication interactions. ![]() and if some app doesn't really need any frameworks that are only available on Catalina and Big Sur, it shouldn't try to make users upgrade to Catalina and Big Sur to use it. Many Mac users will probably stay on Mojave or High Sierra for a while because of the 32-bit support (there might not be many apps that are 32-bit only and didn't get an update to 64-bit that many users need, but if someone really needs some app and it doesn't have a 64-bit version, one such app could be enough to make someone stay on Mojave, until someone can find a suitable replacement for it). and if they only have one Mac that is running Catalina to test the app on, instead of deciding to just require Catalina, they could have just installed an earlier version on a different partition or at least in a VM if that Mac was too new to support installing a version before Catalina on another partition. it seems kind of preposterous when some app that doesn't really seem to need some Catalina specific frameworks like CoreM元 or something similar is just requiring Catalina like that, even though it probably doesn't really need anything which isn't available on earlier versions of macOS. However, the high price may be the biggest barrier for most customers to benefit from such a great product.This page says "OS X 10.10.0 or later", but when you go to their page the only 2.7.8 version of the app for macOS they have requires Catalina (and I did try to download it to see would it maybe run on earlier versions, but it just tells you that it requires Catalina or newer version of macOS). This software tool can process high quality HD videos as well as standard definition movies with well performing features. It is powerful enough to do most advanced video adjusting tasks, and at the same time, it is also user friendly and easy to get started with. Part 5: Alternatives to Avidemux- Corel VideoStudioĬorel VideoStudio, has always been in a very balanced position between a professional video processing tool and an easy-to-use program. So if you want to use this program to edit your video, you probably have to take some time to work on the user interface first. However, it is a quite old application and it does not have much user’s guide. Lightworks is a free video editing tool creat. It supports 32-bit as well as 64-bit platforms, and also allows rapid linear operations of videos, which is easy to use and extremely fast. Lightworks latest version: Free editing software at your fingertips. The program can not only do basic video editing tasks, but also capture footages. VirtualDub is another professional video editor program that can be considered an Avidemux alternative. Part 4: Alternatives to Avidemux- VirtualDub ![]() Once a video is imported, you can click the “edit” button to enter the video editing module. Or you can also drag-and-drop your desired video file to the middle of the interface for importing it to the program. Avidemux icon - Free download on Iconfinder. Import files to Leawo Video Converterĭownload and Launch Leawo Video Converter, then click on “Add Video” on the secondary menu to browse and choose one or more video files you want to edit for importing. Download this avidemux icon in isometric style from the Computer & hardware category. Now let’s have a close look at some of the functions in Leawo Video Converter and how you can use this program to edit your videos. All these features make Leawo Video Converter one of the best alternatives for Avidemux. Leawo Video Converter can deal with more than 180 kinds of media files and output a high-quality media file up to 1080P or 4K. What’s more, the program also comes with a simpler user interface and a higher video processing efficiency. If you are looking for an alternative for Avidemux, then Leawo Video Converter could definitely be the one for you.Īs one of the most professional video converter and editor programs, Leawo Video Converter has all functions in Avidemux, including video converting, cropping, trimming, adding text, and more functions like converting 2D videos to 3D, removing noise and adding text or image watermark. Tasks can be automated using projects, job queue and powerful scripting capabilities. It supports many file types, including AVI, DVD compatible MPEG files, MP4 and ASF, using a variety of codecs. It has a plain user interface, a low efficiency and the program crashes a lot in new operating systems. Avidemux is a free video editor designed for simple cutting, filtering and encoding tasks. However, it is also obvious that this program is nowhere near perfect. Part 2: Alternatives to Avidemux- Leawo Video ConverterĪvidemux is definitely one of the most powerful video editor programs on the internet. ![]() Inch is a powerful voice-operated workforce management and optimization app that seamlessly incorporates a time clock into its broad and useful suite of tools. Timesheet is great for managing individuals and teams spread across a wide area, but it falls short of the power of Inch in the task management, team communication, and data reporting departments. Once they’re finished for the day or week, Timesheet allows them to approve their hours worked while they’re online, so there’s no delay in processing payroll. Timesheet will even remind your employees to clock in and out so they never miss a shift when they’re available to work. With the Timesheet app, you can keep track of your on-the-clock remote team and receive instant alerts when they’re away from their job location. And it doesn’t have a powerful, real-time task list. It doesn’t offer built-in communications. What TSheets won’t do is help organize work and keep your team members focused. Even offline or out of service, TSheets accurately tracks time and automatically syncs when back in range. Using the devices they already have and are familiar with, your employees can track time quickly and easily with convenient clock in/out reminders, employee breaks, and overtime alerts to keep everyone on the same page.Įmployees can clock in and out on their desktop, laptop, or mobile phone using iPhone or Android apps, text messaging, or dial in. 2) Harvestįor employees who work remotely or switch jobs or locations regularly, there’s the TSheets time clock app. Sling will even help you reduce absenteeism and late arrivals and keep track of overlapping shifts and double-booking. ![]() You can manage time off, availability, and shift-trade requests without collecting, sorting, and collating a huge stack of paper.Īdd to that the onboard artificial intelligence that will help you schedule overtime and avoid exceeding your labor budget, and you’ve got a powerful ally in keeping expenses under control. You also have access to state-of-the-art scheduling tools that help you build your employees’ schedules within minutes instead of hours. If an employee is outside those limits, they won’t be allowed to clock in until they cross into the defined space.Īnd that’s just the employee time clock portion of the app. Sling even notifies you when an employee is running late or forgets to clock in.Īnd if you’re worried about your employees clocking in early, Sling gives you the option to set up geofences around your place of business. It allows your employees to clock in and out of their shifts without clogging up a central terminal. It provides other tools that help you streamline a large portion of your scheduling, communication, and employee-organization workįirst and foremost, Sling offers a unique feature that turns any phone, tablet, or computer into a time clock.It offers powerful employee clock-in/clock-out and time-tracking features.Sling makes the list of the best employee time clock apps for two very important reasons: ★ Our other favorite: We love the Beats Powerbeats ( 8/10, WIRED Recommends), which get 15 hours of battery life and lock over your ear. Jabra often continues to sell old models for years, which means you'll have no problem replacing ear tips, the case, or even a bud as needed. The best part? You get eight hours (!) of battery life and a two-year warranty. The sound quality, noise-canceling tech, and mic quality are excellent, and they come with a special grip on the outside of the buds to keep them in your ears. WIRED associate reviews editor Adrienne So and I have very different-size ears, and we both found these earbuds to be super comfortable and stable on our outdoor adventures. The folks at Jabra scanned thousands of ears to come up with sleek, comfy designs, and it shows in the Elite 7 Active. Subscriptions help fund the work we do every day. This includes unlimited access to and our print magazine (if you'd like). Special offer for Gear readers: Get a 1-year subscription to WIRED for $5 ($25 off). Updated March 2023: We've added the Anker Soundcore Space A10, Bowers & Wilkins PI7 S2, and Raycon Everyday Earbuds. After testing dozens over the past four years, these are our favorite wireless earbuds, in a wide range of styles and prices.įor more top picks, check out our other audio guides, like the Best Wireless Headphones, Best Noise-Canceling Headphones, Best Cheap Headphones, Best Workout Earbuds, and Best Wired Headphones. There are tons of new models that sound fabulous and work perfectly. The first wireless buds were gigantic, died after a few hours, and had a bunch of other problems. Also known as "Big Ben", this nickname was commonly bestowed in society to anything that was the heaviest in its class.Wireless earbuds are one of those ideas that sounded like a dream at first: Pop a little headphone into each ear and listen to music or take calls untethered from everything.
![]() Dark-field microscopy, a fluorescence-free based technique, showed the possibility of imaging metal nanoparticles in vivo with high signal-to-noise ratio in 3D, especially with specifically designed enhanced dark-field (EDF) devices 41. Therefore, a fluorescence-free method for acquiring 3D SRM images over time that maintains the dependability of optical microscopy is sorely needed. In order to overcome these challenges, a fluorescence-free 3D super-localization technique was developed based on differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, although DIC microscopy inherently cannot achieve super-resolution 40. Even worse, many cellular targets are difficult to label with fluorophores in vivo (such as the mitochondrial-targeted drug delivery carriers) unless complex blended techniques are employed 38, 39. Fluorescent labeling agents add other challenges for the long-term observation of living cells due to photo-bleaching, photo-blinking, and cytotoxicity 37. However, until now, this optical sectioning 3D SRM method has only been successful in confocal based-fluorescence microscopy with fluorescent molecules and quantum dots 35, 36. For example, 3D confocal images can be fit to a 3D Gaussian function directly to produce complete 3D SRM images 34. Instead of modifying and encoding the PSF in the axial dimension with additional optical elements, optical sectioning methods that employ scanning, such as confocal microscopy 33, can section the object in the axial direction over time and produce a 3D image of the object. The additional optical elements increase the complexity and cost of the instrument and decrease the stability and usability of the 3D SRM imaging system. Hence, these 3D SRM techniques highly depend on the modification of conventional microscopy using additional optical elements such as cylindrical lenses 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, phase masks 21, 22, multi-objective lenses 23, spatial light modulators 24, 25, beam-splitters 26, adaptive optics devices 27, 28, and multi-focus optical elements 29, 30, 31, 32. The key developments of the 3D SRM techniques were based on modifications and encoding of the PSF in order to resolve the relative central position of the single emitter in the axial direction. These new techniques provide powerful tools to resolve and analyze the subtle structure of cellular organelles with high-resolution imaging in all three dimensions 14. More recently, with the development of three-dimensional (3D) super-resolution microscopy (SRM), diffraction-limited resolution narrowed to ~10 nm in the lateral dimension and ~20 nm in the axial dimension 12, 13. These techniques were developed to achieve subdiffraction-limited lateral resolution ( x-y) in vitro and in vivo. To overcome this limitation, several modifications of the point spread function (PSF) and single-molecule localization-based methods were recently developed, including stimulated emission depletion (STED) 7, ground-state depletion (GSD) 8, saturated structured illumination microscopy (SSIM) 9, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) 10, and photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) 11. However, the spatial resolution of conventional optical microscopy is limited to ~200 nm due to the optical diffraction limitation 3, 4, 5, 6. Optical microscopy imaging is very dependable and, as such, is the most widely used analysis method in biomedical and molecular biology research 1, 2. ![]() This novel 3D fluorescence-free SRM technique was successfully applied to resolve the positions of various nanoparticles on glass and gold nanospots ( in vitro) as well as in a living single cell ( in vivo) with subdiffraction limited resolution in 3D. Compared with the commonly used least-square method, the least-cubic method was more useful for finding the center in asymmetric cases (i.e., nanorods) with high precision and accuracy. Final, 3D super-resolution microscopy (SRM) images were obtained by resolving 3D coordinates and their Cramér-Rao lower bound-based localization precisions in an image space (530 nm × 530 nm × 300 nm) with a specific voxel size (2.5 nm × 2.5 nm × 5 nm). The 3D coordinates of individual GNP, SNP, and GNR nanoparticles ( x, y, z) were resolved by fitting the data with 3D point spread functions using a least-cubic algorithm and collation. Single-particle images were then compared with simulation data. ![]() Various plasmonic nanoparticles on a glass slide (i.e., gold nanoparticles, GNPs silver nanoparticles, SNPs and gold nanorods, GNRs) were imaged and sliced in the z-direction to a thickness of 10 nm. Augmented three-dimensional (3D) subdiffraction-limited resolution of fluorescence-free single-nanoparticles was achieved with wavelength-dependent enhanced dark-field (EDF) illumination and a least-cubic algorithm. |